Spray drying of a zinc complexing agent for inhalation therapy of pulmonary fibrosis

Abstract

Pulmonary fibrosis, a disabling lung disease, results from the fibrotic transformation of lung tissue. This fibrotic transformation leads to a deterioration of lung capacity, resulting in significant respiratory distress and a reduction in overall quality of life. Currently, the frontline treatment of pulmonary fibrosis remains limited, focusing primarily on symptom relief and slowing disease progression. Bacterial infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa are contributing to a severe progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Phytic acid, a natural chelator of zinc, which is essential for the activation of metalloproteinase enzymes involved in pulmonary fibrosis, shows potential inhibition of LasB, a virulence factor in P. aeruginosa, and mammalian metalloproteases (MMPs). In addition, phytic acid has anti-inflammatory properties believed to result from its ability to capture free radicals, inhibit certain inflammatory enzymes and proteins, and reduce the production of inflammatory cytokines, key signaling molecules that promote inflammation. To achieve higher local concentrations in the deep lung, phytic acid was spray dried into an inhalable powder. Challenges due to its hygroscopic and low melting (25 ◦C) nature were mitigated by converting it to sodium phytate to improve crystallinity and powder characteristics. The addition of leucine improved aerodynamic properties and reduced agglomeration, while mannitol served as carrier matrix. Size variation was achieved by modifying process parameters and were evaluated by tools such as the Next Generation Impactor (NGI), light diffraction methods, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). An inhibition assay for human MMP-1 (collagenase-1) and MMP-2 (gelatinase A) allowed estimation of the biological effect on tissue remodeling enzymes. The activity was also assessed with respect to inhibition of bacterial LasB. The formulated phytic acid demonstrated an IC50 of 109.7 µg/mL for LasB with viabilities > 80 % up to 188 µg/mL on A549 cells. Therefore, inhalation therapy with phytic acid-based powder shows promise as a treatment for early-stage Pseudomonas-induced pulmonary fibrosis.