Prevalence of Drugs of Abuse and Cognitive Enhancer Consumption Monitored in Grab Samples and Composite Wastewater via Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Abstract

Wastewater (WW)-based epidemiology is an approach for the objective surveillance of the consumption of (illicit) drugs in populations. The aims of this study were to monitor drugs of abuse, cognitive enhancers, and their metabolites as biomarkers in influent WW. Data obtained from different sampling points and mean daily loads were compared with previously published data. The prevalence of analytes was monitored in WW grab samples collected monthly over 22 months at two sampling points and 24 h composite WW samples collected over 2 weeks at a WW treatment plant in the same city. Quantification was performed using a previously validated and published method based on solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Grab samples allowed for frequent detection of ritalinic acid and sporadic detection of drugs of abuse. The daily mean loads calculated for 24 h WW composite samples were in accordance with data published in an international study. Furthermore, loads of amphetamine and methamphetamine increased compared with those observed in a previously published study from 2014. This study showed frequent quantification of ritalinic acid in the grab samples, while drugs of abuse were commonly quantified in the composite WW samples. Daily mean loads were in accordance with trends reported for Germany.