Evaluating impact of Nd: YAG laser associated defects on optical quality of hydrophilic and hydrophobic intraocular lenses using visualization of light propagation and USAF test targets

Abstract

Background: Neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser capsulotomy is a well-accepted, safe, and efective measure in the treatment of posterior capsule opacifcation. However, iatrogenic intraocular lens damage is a relatively common side efect that happens due to inappropriate focusing during the procedure. This experimental study analyzes the impact of YAG-pits to obtain qualitative information. Methods: Acrylic, monofocal hydrophilic and hydrophobic intraocular lenses (IOLs) with 6.0 mm optic and the with the same power (21D) were studied. First, all measurements were done with unmodifed IOLs. Damage was intentionally created, performing YAG-pits (n=5) in the central area of the lens optic (3.0 mm) using a photodisruption laser with the same energy level of 1.8 mJ. To simulate the cruciate pattern, the 5 defects were created in a cross shape within the 3.0 mm optical zone. Afterwards, all laboratory measurements were repeated: These included the United States Air Force (USAF) resolution test chart to study the imaging performance of the IOL, light feld measurements to show the course of the rays behind the IOL and the modulation transfer function (MTF) measurements were analyzed. Results: Evaluating USAF showed that unmodifed lenses produced a sharper image. Damaged lenses led to a more blurred image and to the impression of a lower contrast with a kind of halo/glare efect. The light feld measurement showed that YAG-pits led to a kind of dispersion and scattering efect, which was higher in hydrophobic IOLs. MTF showed a deterioration in damaged hydrophilic and hydrophobic IOLs, respectively. Conclusion: Our experimental study confrms that YAG-pits can reduce imaging quality of intraocular lenses. These defects behave as a new Huygens source, distribute a spherical wave that additionally illuminate the background of the USAF target. It can be assumed that material properties of the IOL (water content, refractive index) play an important role and afect results. The impact level is strongly dependent on the number, size and position of YAG-pits within the optic. Limitation: Only monofocal IOLs have been investigated so far, further tests with various IOL optics have to follow. In addition, simulating the circular pattern of YAG capsulotomy is necessary.